Mutation characteristics of osteosarcoma: a single center study of 64 cases using next-generation sequencing / 中华病理学杂志

Objective: To investigate the distribution and characteristics of gene mutations in osteosarcoma, and to analyze the frequency and types of detectable mutations, and to identify potential targets for individualized treatment of osteosarcoma. Methods: The fresh tissue or paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 64 cases of osteosarcoma that were surgically resected or biopsied and then subject to next generation sequencing, were collected from Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, China from November 2018 to December 2021. The tumor DNA was extracted to detect the somatic and germline mutations using targeted sequencing technology. Results: Among the 64 patients, 41 were males and 23 were females. The patient age ranged from 6 to 65 years with a median age of 17 years, including 36 children (under 18 years old) and 28 adults. There were 52 cases of conventional osteosarcoma, 3 cases of telangiectatic osteosarcoma, 7 cases of secondary osteosarcoma, and 2 cases of parosteosarcoma. The detection rate of gene mutations was overall 84.4% (54/64). There were 324 variations in 180 mutated genes, including 125 genes with copy number variations, 109 single nucleotide variants, 83 insertions or deletions, and 7 gene fusions. The most common mutated genes were TP53, VEGFA, CCND3, ATRX, MYC, RB1, PTEN, GLI1, CDK4 and PTPRD. Among them, TP53 had the highest mutation rate (21/64, 32.8%), single nucleotide variant was the main mutation type (14/23, 60.9%), and 2 cases carried the TP53 germline mutation. VEGFA and CCND3 showed copy number amplification simultaneously in 7 cases. Conclusions: The high-frequency mutation of TP53 suggests that it plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of osteosarcoma. VEGFA, CCND3 and ATRX are mutated genes in osteosarcoma and worthy of further studies. Combination of pathologic diagnosis and next generation sequencing with clinical practice can guide individualized treatment for patients with refractory, recurrent and metastatic osteosarcoma.

Dissecting the Neural Circuitry for Pain Modulation and Chronic Pain: Insights from Optogenetics / 神经科学通报·英文版

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage. The processing of pain involves complicated modulation at the levels of the periphery, spinal cord, and brain. The pathogenesis of chronic pain is still not fully understood, which makes the clinical treatment challenging. Optogenetics, which combines optical and genetic technologies, can precisely intervene in the activity of specific groups of neurons and elements of the related circuits. Taking advantage of optogenetics, researchers have achieved a body of new findings that shed light on the cellular and circuit mechanisms of pain transmission, pain modulation, and chronic pain both in the periphery and the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize recent findings in pain research using optogenetic approaches and discuss their significance in understanding the pathogenesis of chronic pain.

Apalutamide for patients with metastatic castrationsensitive prostate cancer in East Asia: a subgroup analysis of the TITAN trial / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Ethnicity might be associated with treatment outcomes in advanced prostate cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) combined with apalutamide in East Asians with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). The original phase 3 Targeted Investigational Treatment Analysis of Novel Anti-androgen (TITAN) trial was conducted at 260 sites in 23 countries. This subgroup analysis included patients enrolled in 62 participating centers in China, Japan, and Korea. Radiographic progression-free survival (PFS), time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression, and PSA changes from baseline were compared between groups in the East Asian population. The intent-to-treat East Asian population included 111 and 110 participants in the apalutamide and placebo groups, respectively. The 24-month radiographic PFS rates were 76.1% and 52.3% in the apalutamide and placebo groups, respectively (apalutamide vs placebo: hazard ratio [HR] = 0.506; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.302-0.849; P = 0.009). Median time to PSA progression was more favorable with apalutamide than placebo (HR = 0.210; 95% CI, 0.124-0.357; P < 0.001). Median maximum percentages of PSA decline from baseline were 99.0% and 73.9% in the apalutamide and placebo groups, respectively. The most common adverse event (AE) was rash in the apalutamide group, with a higher rate than that in the placebo group (37.3% vs 9.1%). The most common grade 3 or 4 AEs were rash (12 [10.9%]) and hypertension (12 [10.9%]) for apalutamide. The efficacy and safety of apalutamide in the East Asian subgroup of the TITAN trial are consistent with the global results.

Effects and mechanism of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment with low molarity on oxidative stress induced apoptosis of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanism of hydrogen peroxide (HP) pretreatment with low molarity on oxidative stress induced apoptosis of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Methods: The experimental research methods were used. BMSCs were isolated and cultured from two 2-week-old male BALB/c mice by the whole bone marrow culture method. The 3rd-7th passages of cells in logarithmic growth phase were used for the experiments after identification. According to the random number table (the same grouping method below), the cells were divided into 0 μmol/L HP group (without HP, the same below), 25 μmol/L HP group, 50 μmol/L HP group, 100 μmol/L HP group, 150 μmol/L HP group, 200 μmol/L HP group, 250 μmol/L HP group, and 300 μmol/L HP group in which cells were treated by the corresponding final molarity of HP, respectively. The apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry (n=4) after 24 hours of culture. The cells were divided into 0 μmol/L HP group, 25 μmol/L HP group, 50 μmol/L HP group, and 100 μmol/L HP group in which cells were treated by the corresponding final molarity of HP, respeclively. After 24 hours of culture, the protein expressions of B-lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax) were detected by Western blotting, and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was calculated (n=3). The cells were divided into 0 μmol/L HP group, 25 μmol/L HP group, 50 μmol/L HP group, 100 μmol/L HP group, 200 μmol/L HP group, and 300 μmol/L HP group in which cells were treated by the corresponding final molarity of HP, respectively. After 24 hours of culture, the protein expressions of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and phosphorylated GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) were detected by Western blotting (n=3). The cells were divided into 0 μmol/L HP group, 50 μmol/L HP group, and 300 μmol/L HP group in which cells were treated by the corresponding final molarity of HP, respeclively, and HP pretreatment group with 50 μmol/L HP being added in advance for 12 h and then 300 μmol/L HP being added. After 24 hours of culture, the morphology and growth of cells were observed by inverted fluorescence microscopy (non-fluorescent condition) and immunofluorescence method, the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry, the protein expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-3 (caspase-3), caspase-9, cleavage caspase-3, cleavage caspase-9, GSK-3β, and p-GSK-3β were detected by Western blotting, and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was calculated, with all the number of samples being 3. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test. Results: After 24 hours of culture, compared with that in 0 μmol/L HP group, the apoptosis rate of cells did not change significantly in 25 μmol/L HP group, 50 μmol/L HP group, or 100 μmol/L HP group (P>0.05) but increased significantly in 150 μmol/L HP group, 200 μmol/L HP group, 250 μmol/L HP group, and 300 μmol/L HP group (P<0.01). After 24 hours of culture, compared with that in 0 μmol/L HP group, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio of cells increased significantly in 25 μmol/L HP group and 50 μmol/L HP group (P<0.05 or P<0.01) but decreased significantly in 100 µmol/L HP group (P<0.05). After 24 hours of culture, compared with those in 0 μmol/L HP group, the protein expression of GSK-3β in cells showed no significant change in 25 μmol/L HP group and 50 μmol/L HP group (P>0.05), the protein expressions of p-GSK-3β in cells significantly increased in 25 μmol/L HP group and 50 μmol/L HP group (P<0.01), the protein expressions of GSK-3β and p-GSK-3β in cells in 100 μmol/L HP group showed no significant change (P>0.05), the protein expressions of GSK-3β in cells in 200 μmol/L HP group and 300 μmol/L HP group were significantly increased (P<0.05). but the protein expression of p-GSK-3β in cells in 200 μmol/L HP group and 300 μmol/L HP group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). After 24 hours of culture, the morphology and growth of cells in 0 μmol/L HP group and 50 μmol/L HP group were similar and normal; in contrast, the cells in 300 µmol/L HP group became smaller and round, with the cell protrusions being shorter or disappeared, the nucleus being cavitated, and the cell abscission being increased significantly; the morphology of most cells in HP pretreatment group was normal, with the shedding of cells being less than that in 300 µmol/L HP group, and the morphology of nucleus being normal. After 24 hours of culture, the protein expression of caspase-9 was similar among the four groups (P>0.05). Compared with that in 0 μmol/L HP group, the apoptosis rate and the protein expressions of cleavage caspase-9, caspase-3, and cleavage caspase-3 of cells in 50 μmol/L HP group showed no significant changes (P>0.05), the Bcl-2/Bax ratio of cells in 50 μmol/L HP group increased significantly (P<0.05), the apoptosis rate and the protein expressions of cleavage caspase-9, caspase-3, and cleavage caspase-3 of cells in 300 μmol/L HP group were significantly increased (P<0.01), while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio of cells in 300 μmol/L HP group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with those in 300 μmol/L HP group, the apoptosis rate and the protein expressions of cleavage caspase-9, caspase-3, and cleavage caspase-3 of cells were significantly decreased in HP pretreatment group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio of cells was significantly increased in HP pretreatment group (P<0.01). After 24 hours of culture, the protein expressions of GSK-3β and p-GSK-3β of cells in 0 μmol/L HP group, 50 μmol/L HP group, 300 μmol/L HP group, and HP pretreatment group were 1.09±0.14, 0.62±0.17, 1.35±0.21, 0.74±0.34, 0.68±0.03, 0.85±0.08, 0.38±0.10, and 0.54±0.09, respectively. Compared with those in 0 μmol/L HP group, the protein expression of p-GSK-3β of cells was significantly increased in 50 μmol/L HP group (P<0.05) but significantly decreased in 300 μmol/L HP group (P<0.01), while the protein expression of GSK-3β of cells was significantly increased in 300 μmol/L HP group (P<0.05). Compared with those in 300 μmol/L HP group, the protein expression of GSK-3β of cells was significantly decreased in HP pretreatment group (P<0.01), while the protein expression of p-GSK-3β of cells was significantly increased in HP pretreatment group (P<0.01). Conclusions: The molarity of 50 μmol/L may be the optimal molarity of HP to pretreat mouse BMSCs, and 50 μmol/L HP pretreatment can antagonize mitochondrial pathway of oxidative stress induced apoptosis by inhibiting the activity of GSK-3β.

Exosomes Derived from Hydroquinone-transformed Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Inhibited Recipient Cell Apoptosis by transferring miR-221 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#Although benzene is a confirmed environmental carcinogen, the mechanism of its carcinogenicity remains largely unclear. The suggested oncogene, miR-221, is elevated and plays important roles in various tumors, but its role in benzene-induced carcinogenesis remains unknown.@*Methods@#In the present study, we constructed hydroquinone (HQ, a representative metabolite of benzene with biological activity)-transformed malignant cell line (16HBE-t) and analyzed the level of miR-221 in it with qRT-PCR. Exosomes from 16HBE-t cells incubated with or without an miR-221 inhibitor were isolated by ultracentrifugation, characterized by transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscope, and then transfected into 16HBE cells. The effects of exosomal miR-221 on apoptosis induced by HQ in recipient cells were determined using flow cytometry.@*Results@#The amount of miR-221 in 16HBE-t was significantly increased compared with controls. When recipient cells ingested exosomes derived from 16HBE-t, miR-221 was increased, and apoptosis induced by HQ was inhibited. Blocking miR-221 in 16HBE-t using an inhibitor did not significantly alter miR-221 or apoptosis in recipient cells.@*Conclusion@#Exosomal miR-221 secreted by 16HBE-t inhibits apoptosis induced by HQ in normal recipient cells.

Current Situation and Reconsideration on the Study of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Andrology / 中国结合医学杂志

The development of Chinese medicine and Western medicine andrology is based on different social background and academic systems, either Chinese medicine or Western medicine andrology has their limitations, therefore, integration of Chinese and Western medicine (ICWM) andrology is in a great need. After more than 30 years of development, andrology has made great achievements in the construction of specialized academic association, holding academic conferences and publication of academic monographs, and the research progress on this field is mainly in the combination of disease and syndrome, microdifferentiation of symptoms and signs and basic research development. However, the comprehensive theoretic system of ICWM andrology has not yet established, and the related studies are still on the primary stage. In the future studies, great efforts still need to be made to expand the methods for the investigation of ICWM, and make innovations in the field of andrology.

An analysis of CT and MRI features of 16 patients with primary hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To analyze the CT and MRI features of primary hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 16 patients with primary hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma who presented to Wenzhou People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2009 to June 2019. There were 8 males and 8 females, with age ranging from 35 to 71 years (average 56.8 years). The site, size, shape, margin, density of signal, adjacent tissue changes and degree enhancement of tumor were analyzed.Results:Tumors in the liver in the 16 patients were all solitary, with 11 in the right and 5 in the left liver. The maximum diameter of tumor ranged from 3 to 16cm (average 8.5cm). On plain CT scanning ( n=16), the tumors were round or oval in 6, and lobulated or irregular in 10 patients. The margins of the tumors were clear in 10 and unclear in 6 patients. All tumors showed low density, with 15 tumors showing uneven density, with necrosis and liquefaction of different sizes in the center, while 1 tumor showing uniform density. On plain MRI scanning ( n=4), four tumors had clear margins, with necrosis and liquefaction seen in the center of the tumors. The solid part showed a slightly lower signal on T 1 weighted imaging and a slightly higher signal on T 2 weighted imaging. The liquefaction focus of central necrosis showed higher signal intensity on T 2 weighted imaging. Enhanced scanning ( n=12 on CT enhancement and n=4 on MRI enhancement), the margins of the tumors were enhanced in the arterial phase. The enhancement was continued into the portal venous and delayed phases in 7 patients. Strip septate and margin enhancement in the tumor were enhanced in the arterial phase. The enhancement was continued into the portal venous and delayed phases in 7 patients. Inhomogeneous strengthening in the tumor was enhanced in the arterial phase. The enhancement was continued into the portal venous and delayed phases in 1 patient. Inhomogeneous strengthening in the tumor was enhanced in the arterial phase. The enhancement was continued into the portal venous phase. In the delayed phase, enhancement in the tumor decreased, but there was continuous enhancement of the margin and interval of the tumor in 1 patient. Conclusions:Hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma showed dual imaging characteristics of sarcoma and cancer. The imaging features of hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma depended on the proportion of sarcomatoid components. Large intrahepatic tumors showed necrotic cystic degeneration, moderate or significant persistent enhancement in striped septum and margin of tumor.

Quantitative detection of myocardial edema in acute myocardial infarction based on T 2 mapping / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical significance of quantitative detection of myocardial edema in acute myocardial infarction based on T 2 mapping. Methods:From July 2018 to February 2019, a total of 20 patients (observation group) who underwent cardiac MRI after interventional therapy in the People's Hospital of Wenzhou were enrolled.Another 20 healthy volunteers were selected as the control group.The image data of the observation group were collected, and the image data were post-processed.The T 2 value, edema area and microcirculation obstacle area of the infarcted myocardium and its contralateral normal myocardium were measured and recorded by the image information.The infarcted myocardium and the contralateral normal myocardium were recorded.The T 2 values were compared and the cardiac MRI, cardiac function, serological markers and heart failure related products of the two groups were compared. Results:The patients in the observation group underwent self-comparison between infarcted myocardium and normal myocardium.The T 2 value of the distal infarcted myocardium was (90.14±.51)ms, which was greater than that of the normal myocardium [(60.71±5.15)ms], the difference was statistically significant( t=8.49, P<0.05). The number of myocardial microvascular obstruction (MVO) in the observation group was 17 cases, which in the control group was 0 cases, the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=41.45, P<0.05). The left ventricular end-diastolic volume of the observation group[(88.5±16.2)mL] was higher than that of the control group[(72.4±15.1)mL], and the difference was statistically significant ( t=12.51, P<0.05). The ejection fraction of the observation group was (54.1±11.2)%, which was lower than that of the control group [(71.2±7.9)%], and the difference was statistically significant ( t=18.71, P<0.05). The T 2 value of the observation group was (69.4±6.4)ms, which was higher than that of the control group[(55.2±11.4)ms]( t=11.98, P<0.05). The degree of myocardial delayed imaging (LGE) in the observation group was 13%, which in the control group was 0%, the difference was statistically significant ( Z=27.62, P<0.05). T 2 mapping showed that myocardial infarction sensitivity and positive predictive value were higher, but its specificity was relatively low. Conclusion:Quantitative T 2 mapping has high clinical value in the evaluation of myocardial edema after acute myocardial infarction.T 2 mapping can be used to analyze the extent of lesions in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

CT features of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the computed tomography (CT) features of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm (GNEN).Methods:The retrospective and descriptive method was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 30 GNEN patients who were admitted to two domestic medical centers (13 cases in Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and 17 cases in Wenzhou People′s Hospital) from January 2010 to December 2018 were collected. There were 23 males and 7 females, aged (62±4)years, with a range from 27 to 78 years. The patients underwent abdominal CT plain scan and dynamic enhancement scan. Two associate chief radiologists with more than 20 years of work experience observed and analyzed all the images respectively. Observation indicators: (1) CT examination; (2) treatment and postoperative pathological examination; (3) follow-up. Follow-up was conducted using outpatient examination and telephone interview to detect the survival of patients up to December 2018. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD. Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range). Results:(1) CT examination: of the 30 patients, 14 had the tumor located in the fundus of stomach, 10 had the the tumor located in the body of stomach, and 6 had the tumor located in the antrum. The tumor was elliptical in 18 cases and irregular in 12 cases. There were 15 cases of endogenous type, 13 cases of exogenous type, and 2 cases of intramural type. Patients with G1 neuroendocrine tumor had the maximum diameter of (6.8±1.6)cm, of which 4 cases had the maximum diameter less than 5.0 cm and 4 cases had the maximum diameter of 5.0 to 10.0 cm. Patients with G2 neuroendocrine tumor had the maximum diameter of (8.3±2.7)cm, of which 1 case had the maximum diameter less than 5.0 cm, 4 cases had the maximum diameter of 5.0 to 10.0 cm, and 2 cases had the maximum diameter greater than 10.0 cm. Patients with G3 neuroendocrine carcinoma had the maximum diameter of (17.8±2.2)cm, of which 6 cases had the maximum diameter of 5.0 to 10.0 cm and 9 cases had the maximum diameter more than 10.0 cm. The tumor showed swelling growth in 14 cases and invasive growth in 16 cases. The tumor boundary was clear in 14 cases and unclear in 16 cases. CT plain scan showed homogeneous tumor density in 10 cases and heterogeneous density in 20 cases. Nine patients had iso-density in the tumor parenchymal part, and the CT value was (34.0±3.5)HU. In the 18 cases of low density, the CT value was (16.6±1.4)HU. In the 3 cases of high density, the CT value was (45.3±3.6)HU. Of the 30 patients, 21 cases had small punctate or small round necrotic cyst lesions in the tumor, 10 cases had mesenteric lymph node, peritoneum, liver metastasis and adjacent omentum invasion; 17 cases had abdominal effusion. In the CT enhancement examination, 12 cases showed mild enhancement, and the CT value was (56.5±6.3)HU; 15 cases showed moderate enhancement, and the CT value was (66.0±5.4)HU; 3 cases showed significant enhancement, and the CT value was (76.6±5.8)HU. Seven cases showed homogeneous enhancement and 23 cases had heterogeneous enhancement. There were 8 cases with tortuous vessels. (2) Treatment and postoperative pathological examination: of the 30 patients, 10 cases with mesenteric lymph nodes, peritoneum, liver metastasis and adjacent omentum invasion underwent radical total gastrectomy; 14 cases without surrounding tissue invasion or metastasis underwent radical subtotal gastrectomy; 6 cases with tumor diameter less than 4.0 cm and without surrounding tissue invasion or metastasis underwent endoscopic resection. All the 30 patients were confirmed GNEN by postoperative pathological examination, including 8 cases of G1 neuroendocrine tumor, 7 cases of G2 neuroendocrine tumor, and 15 cases of G3 neuroendocrine carcinoma. Results of immunohistochemical staining showed that 30 patients were positive for synaptophysin, 23 were positive for chromogranin A, and 9 were positive for cytokeratin. (3) Follow-up: all the 30 patients were followed up for 10-80 months, with a median follow-up time of 39 months. The 5-year survival rate of 30 patients was 43.3% (13/30). The 5-year survival rates were 6/8, 3/7 and 4/15 of patients with G1 neuroendocrine tumor, G2 neuroendocrine carcinoma, and G3 neuroendocrine carcinoma.Conclusions:GNEN has the main manifestation as abdominal pain, with G3 as pathological classification, which is common in fundus and body of stomach. The CT findings of GNEN are characterized by swelling or infiltrating growth and round or irregular low-density masses. Tumors are prone to cystic transformation, and showed the mildly to moderately heterogeneous enhancement.

Bilateral atlantoaxial lamina hook and atlantoaxial joint space screw for the treatment of acute type I transverse ligament injury in school-age children / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effect of bilateral atlantoaxial lamina hook and atlantoaxial joint space screw combined with autologous iliac bone graft on atlantoaxial dislocation caused by acute type I transverse ligament injury in school-age children.@*METHODS@#From February 2006 to February 2019, 8 school-age children with atlantoaxial dislocation caused by acute type I transverse ligament injury were systematically reviewed, including 6 males and 2 females; aged 9 to 12 years old; 8 acute injuries included 4 high-level falls, 2 car accidents and 2 sports injuries; the atlantoaxial interval(ADI) was 5 to 8 mm. Eight cases presented with pain, stiffness, numbness and cervical spine dysfunction in different degrees. Two of them were accompanied by nerve compression and ASIA grade D. The preoperative C₁,₂ angle averaged 20.7° to 23.4°. All patients received cranial traction and surgical treatment after complete reduction or atlantoaxial reduction. The changes of Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA) score, space available for the cord(SAC), neck disability index(NDI), ADI, ASIA classification(ASIA) injury classification(1992) and C₁,₂ angle before and after treatment were observed.@*RESULTS@#The average follow-up time was 8 to 156 months. Clinical and radiological follow-up showed that the atlantoaxial joint was completely relieved, the reduction was satisfactory and the arthrodesis was stable. Nerve and vascular injuries associated with this technique were not observed. JOA score, SAC, NDI, C₁,₂ angle of the last follow-up of the children were significantly improved. Two children of ASIA grade D recovered to grade E.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Bilateral atlantoaxial lamina hook and atlantoaxial joint space screw combined with autologous iliac bone graft is simple, less bleeding, strong stability and high fusion rate. It is an ideal surgical procedure for acute type I transverse ligament injury with atlantoaxial dislocation in school-age children.

Roles of cyclins in the progression of spermatogenesis / 中华男科学杂志

Spermatogenesis is a complex and precise process of differentiation of germ cells, which involves three stages: mitosis of spermatogonia, meiosis of spermatocytes and formation of spermatozoa. The process is controlled by many factors, including regulation of cyclins in spermatogenic cells, which plays a pivotal role. Cyclins form heterologous dimer compounds with protein kinase activity by binding to cyclin-dependent kinases, then phosphorylate multiple proteins and promote the orderly conduct of each phase of the cell cycle. In recent years, cyclins A, B, D and E have been found to play important roles in the regulation of spermatogenesis. This article presents an overview on the roles of these four cyclins in regulating the progression of spermatogenesis.

Difficulties and countermeasures in the diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma / 中国实用外科杂志

Prognosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma(MTC)is worse,and occurrence of early metastasis is easy. Hereditary and sporadic MTC have different clinical characteristics and prognosis. The diagnostic value of ultrasound,CT,MRI and bone scintigraphy is special. Calcitonin(Ctn)is found to have diagnostic specificity,while carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)is useful for evaluating disease progression. Whether hereditary or sporadic MTC,surgeons should pay attention to the subsequent genetic detection. Different surgical strategies are required for hereditary and sporadic MTC. Active surgery is necessary for patients with regional recurrence and nodal metastasis. Advanced progressive MTC could be treated by palliative surgery,external radiotherapy or systemic treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Measurement of doubling times of serum Ctn and CEA can evaluate recurrence and metastasis after surgery.

Study on the factors influencing the changes of perivascular space after glioma surgery / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors of perivascular space change after brain tumor surgery.Methods According to the occurrence of postoperative perivascular space change,80 cases of glioma patients were divided into perivascular space and reconstruction group(observation group,n=38)and normal postoperative perivascular space group(control group,n=42).Compared the general data,sur-gery,tumor related indicators and postoperative complications of the two groups,and analyzed the influencing factors of the perivascular space changes after brain tumor surgery.Results In the observation group,the operation time of the patients was(95.38 ±9.21)min,which was significantly longer than(75.36 ±9.05)min in the control group.The intraoperative blood loss was(290.32 ±45.47)mL in the observation group,which was significantly more than(247.19 ±36.75)mL in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The tumor site located in the left hemisphere,tumor volume more than 40.0 cm3,high grade glioma,and proportion of patients with postoperative complications in the observation group were all higher than those of the control group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age,tumor location,tumor volume,patho-logical grade and complications were significantly correlated with the changes of perivascular space after surgery(P<0.05).Conclusion Advanced age,tumor located in the left side of the brain,large tumor volume,severe pathology,postoperative epilepsy,chronic intracranial hy-pertension and other complications were the risk factors affecting the changes of perivascular space in patients with glioma.

Measurement and correlation analysis of vermilion and facial skin color / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Prosthesis simulation is critical for maxillofacial defects caused by maxillofacial tumor and trauma. Few studies have been reported on the vermilion color, much less the correlation between facial skin color and vermilion color. OBJECTIVE: To collect thecolorimetric values of human vermilion and facial skin, so as to determine the colorimetric value range and its relevance.. METHODS: The colorimetric values of vermilion and facial skin in 202 volunteers were measured by Japanese Konica Minolta CM-700d spectrophotometer, L* (brightness), a* (from –a* (green) to +a* (red)), b* (from –b*(yellow) to +a* (blue)) values were surveyed and calculated, and then analyzed with CIELAB color system. The correlation betweencolorimetric values of the vermilion and cheek skin color was analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For the vermilion color in 202 volunteers, L* value was 53.25±3.42, a* value was 11.19±1.70, and b* valuewas 8.77±2.12; for the cheek skin color, L* value was 61.87±3.59, a* value was 7.21±1.29, and b* value was 12.98±1.64. L* value of thevermilion was negatively correlated with its a* value, positively correlated with its b* value, positively correlated with L* value of cheek skin andnegatively correlated with a* value of the cheek skin. a* value of the vermilion was positively correlated with a* value of the cheek skin. b*value of the vermilion was positively correlated with b* value of the cheek skin. L* value of the cheek skin was positively correlated with b*value of the vermilion, and negatively correlated with its a* value. a* value of the cheek skin was negatively correlated with b* value of thevermilion, and negatively correlated with its b* value. In summary, we preliminarily determine the colorimetric value range of the facial skin andvermilion, as well as their relevance, which provide a basis for prosthesis production and choice of colors in clinic.

Synthesis and biological properties of strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Hydroxyapatite is the main mineral component of bone and teeth.It is non-immunogenic and osteoinductive and suitable for bone repair.Strontium and calcium are cognate elements in the periodic table of elements and it has been proved that strontium has dual effects,namely,osteogenic promotion and suppression of osteoclast activity.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the preparation of strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite and its biological properties.METHODS:The first author searched the PubMed database for related literature from 1990 to 2017.The key words were "strontium;substituted;doped;containing;hydroxyapatite".The literatures obtained were screened,and the irrelevant and repetitive literatures were excluded.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The preparation methods of strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite include liquid-phase method (hydrothermal method,acid-base neutralization and sol-gel method) and solid-phase method (mechanochemical method).In addition,strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite coating can be produced by electrochemical deposition and micro-arc oxidation.The introduction of strontium significantly modifies the crystal size,crystallinity,solubility and mechanical properties,and improves the biocompatibility,pro-osteogenesis and osteoclast inhibition of hydroxyapatite,but the optimal proportion of strontium needs to be further explored.Furthermore,the immune-regulation and osteogenic properties under pathological conditions of strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite need to be further improved.

The pathological features and MRI findings of soft tissue myxofibrosarcoma / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the features of soft tissue myxofibrosarcoma (MFS)on MRI.Methods The MRI data of 15 cases with MFS confirmed by surgery and pathology were analyzed retrospectively.Results Of all the 1 5 cases,7 were located in the thigh,3 were located in the lower leg,2 were located in the forearm,1 was located in the shoulders,1 was located in the back and 1 was located in the buttocks.The average maximum diameter of all lesions was (9.43±3.1)cm.Fifteen cases showed isointensity with slightly hypointensed fiber septa on T1WI.The signal intensity of MFS on T2WI was mixed.Five cases of low-grade MFS with myxoid area showed slightly hyperintensity,with sporadic small nodular and striped fibrous septa which showed hypointensity on T2WI and inhomogeneous enhancement.In 5 cases of high-grade MFS,the solid part and the septa showed hypointensity on T2WI;the myxoid matrix area and the necrotic area showed hyperintensity on T2WI.The myxoid matrix part showed mild inhomogeneous enhancement with peritumoral enhancement of"tail sign".Among the 5 cases,the solid part of 4 cases showed middle to severe annular heterogeneous enhancement,while the solid part of the remaining 1 case showed nodular enhancement.Five cases of intermediate-grade MFS showed slightly hyperintensity or isointensity on T2WI,and nodules and fibrous septa showed hypointensity.The enhanced solid part and myxoid matrix area showed mild to moderate inhomogeneous enhancement,and there were 2 cases with"tail sign".Conclusion MRI features of soft tissue myxofibrosarcoma have some characteristics including isointensity on T1WI,mixed signal intensity on T2WI,heterogeneous enhancement and peritumoral enhancement of"tail sign".

Experience of Professor JIN Bao-fang in Using Yangjing Decoction in Treatment of Abnormal Sperm Sterility / 中国中医药信息杂志

Male sterility affects human reproduction seriously. Modern medicine has not yet fully understood the reasons for abnormal sperm, so clinical treatment is mainly based on experience, but the effect is inaccurate. According to "kidney controls reproduction" and "chronic illness causes blood stasis" theory, Professor JIN Bao-fang treats abnormol speerm sterility by tonifying kidney and activating blood circulation to remove obstruction with modified Yangjing Decoction, which has achieved good efficacy.

CT characteristic of ectopic pheochromocytoma / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the CT characteristics of ectopic pheochromocytoma and improve the diagnostic accuracy. Methods The CT imaging of 27 cases with surgery and pathology proved ectopic pheochromocytoma were retrospectively analyzed, and the tumor site, size, shape, density, cystic change, calcification, boundary and strengthening characteristics of these tumors were observed. Results Tumor located in mesentery in 6 cases and in the left side of abdominal aorta in 6 cases. Tumor located in duodenal ampulla, inferior vena cava, hepatic hilum, left renal portal, right adrenal gland and bladder in 2 cases for each spot. Tumor located in right jugular foramen, left carotid body and right lower lung in 1 case for each spot. The maximum diameter of the tumor was 2.8-19.0 (6.3 ± 2.4) cm. CT plain scan showed low density in 9 cases, isodensity in 10 cases, and high density in 8 cases. CT value was 20-58 (35.0 ± 11.6) HU. Enhanced CT scan showed that the CT value was 40-96 (74.0 ± 16.4) HU, 37- 90 (63.0 ± 14.2) HU in venous phase and 35-67(55.0 ± 12.6) HU in delayed phase. In arterial phase, 15 cases showed marked enhancement in parenchyma, 5 cases showed moderate enhancement, and 7 cases showed mild enhancement. In venous phase, the degree of enhancement decreased significantly in 5 cases, slightly in 15 cases, and continued in 7 cases. In delayed phase, the degree of enhancement decreased in 20 cases and continued in 7 cases. Conclusions The CT findings of ectopic pheochromocytoma have certain characteristics, CT examination is helpful to locate and characterize ectopic pheochromocytoma and to clarify the relationship between tumor and surrounding tissue structure.

Bushen Daozhuo Granules for type Ⅲ prostatitis: A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To study the safety and efficacy of Bushen Daozhuo Granules (BDG) in the treatment of type Ⅲ prostatitis.@*METHODS@#This multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial included 478 patients with type Ⅲ prostatitis, 290 in the trial group and 188 as controls, the former treated with BDG at 200 ml bid and the latter with tamsulosin hydrochloride sustainedrelease capsules at 0.2 mg qd, both for 4 weeks. Before treatment, after 4 weeks of medication, and at 4 weeks after drug withdrawal, we obtained the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIHCPSI) scores and compared the safety and effectiveness rate between the two groups of patients.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the baseline, the NIHCPSI score was markedly decreased in the control group after 4 weeks of medication (21.42 ± 4.02 vs 15.67 ± 3.65, P 0.05), while the NIHCPSI score in the trial group was remarkably lower than the baseline both after 4 weeks of medication and at 4 weeks after drug withdrawal (10.92 ± 2.06 and 12.91 ± 2.64 vs 21.58 ± 3.67, P < 0.05). The trial group exhibited both a higher rate of total effectiveness and safety than the control (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#BDG is safe and effective for the treatment of type Ⅲ prostatitis.

Medical imaging findings and pathological characteristics of hepatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To study the medical imaging findings and the pathological features of hepatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (HIMT) using CT,MRI and histopathology.Methods The CT and MRI findings of 31 patients with HIMT which were confirmed by histopathology on surgically resected specimen were analyzed retrospectively.The location,size,shape,edge,density or signal,and contrast enhancement of these tumors were analyzed.Results The tumors were located in the right liver in 26 patients,in the left liver in 5 patients,and under the hepatic capsule in 27 patients.The tumors were solitary in 28 patients and multiple in 3 patients.The maximum diameter of the tumor ranged from 2.1 cm to 12.5 cm.The average diameter was (3.6 ± 1.2) cm.The tumors were round or oval in 21 patients and irregular in 10 patients.19 patients underwent CT examination and all tumors showed low density,with a CT value which ranged from 5 to 35HU.The average value was (27.6 ±5.3) HU.The density of tumors was homogeneous in 6 patients and inhomogeneous in 13 patients,and among these 13 patients,3 were alveolate.Twenty-one patients underwent MRI scan and all showed a low signal on T1WI,12 patients showed an equal signal and 9 patients showed a slightly higher signal on T2WI.In 6 patients the signals were homogeneous and in 15 patients they were inhomogeneous.On CT and MRI enhanced scans the whole tumor was enhanced in 12 patients,the edge was enhanced in 9 patients,the septum was enhanced in 8 patients and no enhancement was observed in 2 patients.Pathological examination under microscopy observed the presence of proliferation of spindle cells,chronic inflammatory cells which included the proliferation of lymphocytes,plasma cells and collagen fiber formation.The spindle cells had the characteristics of fibroblasts and myofibroblast cells.Immunohistochemical examination showed the wave type protein (Vimentin) was positive in 23 patients,the smooth muscle actin (SMA) was positive in 18 patients,the muscle actin (MSA) and the specificity of junction protein (Desmin) were positive in 12 patients,CD68 was positive in 4 patients,and the ALK,S-100 protein,CDll7 and CD35 were all negative.Conclusions The radiological features of CT and MRI plain scan varied.The patterns of contrast enhancement included full tumor filling,marginal enhancement,compartment enhancement,and no enhancement.The enhanced features varied from mild to moderate enhancement in the arterial phase,further enhancement in the portal phase and mild enhancement in the delayed phase.